A cross-kingdom history

A cross-kingdom history

B etween two and three billion years ago, living things evolved the ability to use oxygen to increase the amount of energy that could be released from carbon-rich molecules. However, these reactions produce harmful molecules called ‘reactive oxygen species’ as byproducts, so antioxidant systems had to be developed in parallel to detoxify them (Noctor and Foyer, 1998; Gest et al., 2013). A compo...

the political history of ellipi kingdom

in the early of 1st millennium bc, in the region of lorestan, iran, the ellipi kingdom formed and played a significant role in regional developments, particularly in relation with two rival governments, assyria and elam. the political history reconstruction of the ellipi kingdom is more reliant on assyrian resources which cover just very short and particular part of its life. the first recorded...

Insights into Cross-Kingdom Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Plant and human pathogens have evolved disease factors to successfully exploit their respective hosts. Phytopathogens utilize specific determinants that help to breach reinforced cell walls and manipulate plant physiology to facilitate the disease process, while human pathogens use determinants for exploiting mammalian physiology and overcoming highly developed adaptive immune responses. Emergi...

Methanol May Function as a Cross-Kingdom Signal

Recently, we demonstrated that leaf wounding results in the synthesis of pectin methylesterase (PME), which causes the plant to release methanol into the air. Methanol emitted by a wounded plant increases the accumulation of methanol-inducible gene mRNA and enhances antibacterial resistance as well as cell-to-cell communication, which facilitates virus spreading in neighboring plants. We conclu...

Mani and shapur a universal faith for e universal kingdom